Mon, Dec 30th - 2:08PM
THE DEMONISATION OF THE SOUTH AND CONFEDERATE SYMBOLS
“History is not there for you to like or dislike it is there for you to learn from it and if it offends you even better because you are less likely to repeat it. It's not yours to erase; it belongs to all of us.” -Lt. Col. Allen West
It is important to study history because the liberal media has been using distorted (and often false) depictions, portrayals, and teachings about history to persuade people to lean left for a very long time. Liberal media and public schools often try to make it appear that centralised US government and US government intrusions into race relations were and are needed by pointing to examples in Southern history. But when the whole story and each side of the issues are considered, those examples usually illustrate the evils of big government and the importance of limited constitutional government. (Incidentally, leftist theories, proposals, policies, and programs usually sound ideal until you ask pointed questions, make comparisons, look for hard evidence to support them, and consider the costs.)
When dealing with the history of race relations in the South, movies, documentaries, docudramas, school textbooks, and even encyclopedias often ignore important factors and details, or present a distortion. Here are a few points to consider:
• Virginia was the first State to outlaw the African slave trade (1778).
• During the American War of Independence all thirteen States had slavery, and England had already abolished slavery, British interference with the institution of slavery was among the specified reasons for secession from the British Empire outlined in the Declaration of Independence, the British insisted that the Americans just wanted to keep their slaves, and the British actively recruited slaves that belonged to patriot masters. (Does this mean the American War of Independence, the Revolutionary War, was over slavery?)
• Why didn't the Bible prohibit slavery (slavery is regulated in both the Old & New Testaments)? All men are equal in creation and redemption, but at the same time all men are unequal in abilities, talents, social station, etc. While all humans are of equal value as persons in creation and redemption the Gospel does not change our positions in life. For example, becoming Christians does not mean that a married couple cease to be married or that either one has a change in gender or that the roles of headship and helpmeet are nullified, and the existence of abusive husbands or wives does not make marriage evil. (Galatians 3:28) Consider also that making slaves of war captives and certain criminals was more merciful and advantageous than killing them; the absence of black slavery would have meant death and not freedom for most blacks that became slaves, and the black slaves were already slaves enslaved by black Africans before they were bought by slave traders and brought to America. (Of course, that is a broad statement made to be brief, and further research is encouraged.)
• In 1776 slavery existed legally in every state of the Union, and when the US Constitution was ratified it was neither a pro-slavery nor anti-slavery document but would not have been ratified without a recognition of slavery. After the American War for Independence the northern states began to progressively remove their slave populations for the sake of profit, as slavery was not very profitable in the north, and to reduce their black populations and not for principles of morality as so many have been led to believe. The northern States always protected the property rights of northern slave owners and none of the northern States ever passed a law emancipating anyone who was already a slave. It is important to note that the end of slavery in northern States was gradual, usually through selling slaves to Southern States or the Caribbean, and there is no credible argument that the institution of slavery in the Southern States would have survived into the twentieth century without the armed invasion of the CSA. (I do not argue for a return to slavery, and I do not know of anyone who does; the point is that the abolition of slavery was not the reason the USA invaded the CSA and the existence of slavery in the CSA did not justify the armed invasion. The USA invaded the CSA because of lust for money and power, not a desire to free slaves, and the Confederate States fought because their country was invaded. Incidentally, when Italy invaded and conquered Ethiopia in 1935 Benito Mussolini freed the slaves and abolished slavery there, so why isn’t he honoured and celebrated in Ethiopia?)
• It is easy to look back and make a blanket condemnation of slave states and southern slave owners without considering the whole situation, and it was hypocritical of northerners to condemn southern slavery while condoning deplorable conditions in northern factories. Slaves in the southern states often lived under better conditions and better treatment than white factory workers in the north, and in many cases the conditions in northern factories were worse than the worse southern plantations. Slavery did not give slave owners an economic advantage over northern factory owners: northern factory owners paid meager wages and were indifferent toward working conditions and the lives of employees as employees were easily replaced while slave owners had legal obligations to take care of their slaves and slaves were expensive to replace.
• The Constitution of the Confederate States of America made the first clear prohibition against the slave trade (not the US Constitution).
• Not all blacks in the Antebellum South were slaves. Some were indentured servants with a specified duration of service. In the Upper South about ten percent of blacks were free and made a living as laborers and tradesmen. In the Deep South less than two percent of blacks were free, but those were often rich and owned slaves.
• There were both black and white slaves in the Antebellum South. While interracial marriage was taboo in free society, it was allowed among slaves as a mixed child was considered black and black slaves cost far more than white slaves. When slavery was abolished most white slaves migrated to West Virginia or Northern States and most black slaves stayed with their former masters as employees.
• Only 4.8% of Southerners owned slaves, according to the 1860 census.
• Nat Turner's Rebellion in 1831 did not advance the cause of black slaves, it put this in reverse. About sixty whites, mostly abolitionists and non-slaveowners, were killed in their sleep. This naturally horrified white southrons and hurt the abolition movement in the South.
• Abraham Lincoln was a Marxist and a friend of Karl Marx, and the Republican Party was started by Marxists to centralize the US government. Opposition to oppressive taxation and the centralization of the US government led to Southern Secession. (Even today, while there are conservatives in the Republican Party, the Republican Party is not the conservative party. The Republican Party stays just to the right of the far left to attract conservatives.)
• Abraham Lincoln was not against slavery, he just opposed the spread of slavery, and he was planning to send all blacks to Africa, and this plan was hindered by his assassination.
• Abraham Lincoln’s wife owned slaves, and they were not freed until the Thirteenth Amendment. Why didn’t the Great Emancipator start with his own family?
• Both sides of The War of Northern Aggression (1861-1865) had slaves until the Thirteenth Amendment.
• Slavery did not become an issue of The War of Northern Aggression (1861-1865) until about two years after the war started. Abraham Lincoln made it an issue because he needed a moral high ground as the armed invasion of the Confederate States of America was carried out without constitutional or congressional authorization.
• The Emancipation Proclamation only called for the emancipation of slaves in areas where the US government had no power to do anything about slavery, was not ratified until December 6, 1865, and did not free a single slave. The only change made by the Emancipation Proclamation was black men were allowed to join the US Army.
• General Robert E. Lee was an abolitionist and General Ulysses S. Grant and General William T. Sherman were slaveowners that opposed the abolition of slavery.
• Did the South start the war by firing the first shots? Study the events leading to the Battle of Fort Sumter and consider: How would the USA respond if another country voiced hostility towards the USA and then not only refused to leave a military garrison which they held within US borders but sent a fleet of warships & troops to that garrison claiming this was necessary to bring supplies to 85 men?
• What about the argument that the war saved the Union and was necessary because state secession would destroy the Union? Consider: What was that mysterious entity that had military forces capable of conquering the CSA after various States had seceded?
• What about the argument that the war was necessary to save the republic and thus protect freedom? When Rome changed from a republic into an empire, it maintained the facade of being a republic and so did the USA. The War of Northern Aggression (1861-1865) changed the USA from a republic into an empire which has become a politically correct police state. History provides numerous examples (e.g. Roman Empire) that demonstrate that respect for local self-government makes liberty important, but as the centre of power keeps absorbing all of the political life an empire must sacrifice liberty and local self-government to secure the union and protect itself from attacks from without and insurrections from within, and this happened in the USA: The US government has not kept its part of treaties signed with Confederate Generals but has consistently violated those agreements. The US government steadily absorbs all of the political life, routinely exercises powers that are not constitutionally mandated, usurps State's Rights and defrauds the States of their sources of revenue, the rights of the individual are often sacrificed for the sake of unity and to protect the US government against the possibility of insurrection, the US Congress routinely passes laws which encroach upon the right of the individual to his own life, liberty, and property as well as his right of self-government, and the US Supreme Court often issues decrees which contradict or change the US Constitution and usurp legislative power. The requirements or qualifications for becoming a citizen of a State or being eligible to vote are now determined by the US government and not a State because of enforcement of an Amendment (14th) that was never ratified by the States. The First Amendment is used to restrict State and local governments (and even businesses & individuals) even though it says nothing about State or local government. The purpose of the Second Amendment was to prevent the US government from becoming a police state by giving the people the ability to use guns as a last resort to resist governmental tyranny and oppression, but the right of the people to keep and bear arms is disregarded or usurped by the US government. (Consider that when the Bill of Rights was ratified the word "militia" usually meant the general population of adult males, and this definition is still in some modern dictionaries.) Soldiers in the National Guard can be (and have been) placed on US federal active duty against the will of their State to keep them from obeying their State government or to use them against their own State. Many more examples could be given but these should suffice for now. Also consider: Which, if any, of the ten measures of communism outlined in chapter two of the Communist Manifesto has not been characteristic of the USA for a long time? What freedoms do you have that people living in communist countries do not have? (Think carefully.) Incidentally, if you believe you are really free try to start your own business and watch how many government agencies crawl out of the woodwork to demand their cut.
• Arguments that US intrusions were justified by racism in the South tend to be one-sided and hypocritical. For example, you have likely heard that Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens said that the negro is not equal to the white man and subordination to the white race is his natural and normal condition, but were you aware that Abraham Lincoln and other US leaders made similar statements?
• In 1865 the adopted son of CS President Jefferson Davis, Jim Limber Davis, was kidnapped by Union troops and never seen or heard from again by the Davis family. After Jefferson Davis died his wife continued the search for their adopted son so that he could inherit the Davis estate. Jim Limber Davis was black.
• Liberia became an independent black republic in 1846, and in 1860 the CSA issued a decree that all slaveowners had to give their slaves the option of deportation.
• In 1860 the CS Congress passed legislation requiring the abolition of slavery by 1886, and every Confederate State had programs for the progressive abolition of slavery.
• State secession was not necessary to preserve slavery: In 1860 slavery was already protected by the US Constitution and that protection could only be removed by an amendment to the US Constitution abolishing slavery, and in 1860 there were fifteen slave States out of thirty-three States in the Union before the Southern States seceded (Article V of the US Constitution requires ratification by three-fourths of the States for an amendment to become part of the US Constitution). On March 2, 1861, the US Congress proposed the Corwin Amendment to try (unsuccessfully) to persuade the Confederate States to return to the Union, and the Corwin Amendment read as follows: “No amendment shall be made to the Constitution which will authorize or give to Congress the power to abolish or interfere, within any State, with the domestic institutions thereof, including that of persons held to labor or service by the laws of said State.”
• The State of Alabama abolished slavery before the end of The War of Northern Aggression.
• State Secession was legal. If State Secession was unconstitutional the US Constitution would never have been ratified. The US government was created by the States for the benefit of the States and owes its existence to the States that formed the USA. The Preamble to the US Constitution clearly says the US government exists to serve the States. The phrase "which shall be made in Pursuance thereof" means that the Supremacy Clause of the US Constitution (Article Six, Clause two) only applies when the US government is acting in pursuit of constitutionally authorized powers that are clearly defined and limited to those powers necessary for its function, and the Tenth Amendment further clarifies that the authority of the US government is limited to those powers clearly defined and specified in the US Constitution. The purpose of the Guarantee Clause of the US Constitution (Article Four, Section Four) is to make sure the US government is a representative government to each State and prevent the US government from becoming a majoritarian democracy (mob rule) that disregards the rights of less populated States and entrusts charismatic personalities with unchequed power. How is this a guarantee, since the US Constitution is a piece of paper that cannot enforce itself? The US Constitution is a compact between the several free and independent States as clearly stated in the preamble. As free and independent States (See the Declaration of Independence & Articles of Confederation) in a voluntary union each State has a constitutional right to secede if they believe the US government is abusing its power or working against their interests, such as if the US government imposed an oppressive tax that could impoverish some States while leaving other States virtually tax free (this happened in 1860) or if there is a breach of contract, such as if the US government denies or overrides the Tenth Amendment rights and powers of a State. It was the US government that ignored and disregarded the US Constitution, and the Southern States would not have seceded if States’ Rights were respected. https://mises.org/library/book/secession-state-and-liberty?fbclid=IwY2xjawGx4XlleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHeIebRWnYL__cNnZVEV02WVf88bxLpb6o1A_qRtL2dWrAbMHOKTt5edDgw_aem_YwQJPfP2yyyMYPlrrmZhfA
• In the decades preceding the War of Northern Aggression (1861-1865) and subsequent sudden (all at once) abolition of slavery numerous southern statesmen, clergy, and southern abolitionists warned of dangers in the sudden emancipation of all slaves (and naturally nobody in the South wanted a repeat of what happened in Haiti), and those predictions came true. The US government abolished slavery for political purposes and not for moral principles or humanitarianism, and this became obvious during the so-called Reconstruction of the South.
• The Fourteenth Amendment was never ratified by the States. It was ratified by Congress and declared to be ratified by then Secretary of State William Seward. http://www.sweetliberty.org/fourteenth.amend.htm?fbclid=IwY2xjawGx4dJleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHfSkwsBGmH_l3nluWXX3o_bMJVfVAni4TxbyU6nHBb7HJbs0txGX0yPF8Q_aem_1pmlcSlDBxalXqMNfEyWIA
• During the so-called Reconstruction of the South (1865 – 1877) US intrusions, US extremes, martial law, political corruption, and the excesses of the Republican Party, the Union League, and the Freedmen's Bureau, and increasing black-on-white crime, provoked reactions and attitudes that lasted for generations. The Fourteenth Amendment was used to keep white southrons from voting or holding public offices and the Fifteenth Amendment made illiterates the overwhelming majority vote in the South, and this enabled carpetbaggers, scalawags, and other radicals to take advantage of a bad situation, use and exploit freed slaves, and win elections with unrealistic and outrageous campaign promises. (Southern Legislatures and statesmen tried in vain to persuade the US Congress to delay ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment until the freed slaves learned to read and were assimilated into free society.) The US government tried to remove white southrons from the political life of their communities and States and establish black dominance in the Southern States at a time when whites and blacks in the South were among the most dissimilar cultures in the world. (An old trick of tyrants and empires is to keep ethnic groups pitted against each other to keep them from recognising their common enemy.) The US government gave black people special rights, discriminated against white southrons, and made it easier for blacks to get away with crimes against white people, and all of this was enforced through martial law. As a result, many white southrons resorted to vigilantism, which often led to disregarding the importance of hard evidence so that innocent people suffered. US government extremes provoked extremes, such as the Ku Klux Klan. While the original Ku Klux Klan was primarily political in nature, and members were ordered against abuses, hooded activities and a code of silence started dangerous trends both within and without the KKK. (The Ku Klux Klan became famous for white robes and hoods, and soon so many people and groups were wearing white robes and hoods as a disguise while committing heinous crimes that the Ku Klux Klan outlawed the robe and hood in October of 1869. Eventually, rogue elements and non-KKK members performing atrocities in the name of the KKK led KKK leaders to permanently disband the Ku Klux Klan in 1877.) All these fostered resentments and we-versus-they attitudes that lasted for generations.
• During the so-called Reconstruction of the South racial segregation in the South was started by blacks when blacks in general separated from white institutions and established separate churches, clubs, societies, schools, and neighborhoods.
• The murder of Emmitt Louis Till in Money, Mississippi (August 28, 1955), was an early catalyst for the so-called Civil Rights Movement. The murder of Emmitt Till was used to justify US government intrusions and is still used to demonise the South. In school I was taught that Emmitt Till was in Mississippi visiting relatives in 1955 and was lynched just for whistling at a white woman. Looking at details of the case and considering the accounts and statements of friends and relatives who were with him when he flirted with a white woman makes me think the case got so much media coverage because northern liberals and southern scalawags saw an opportunity to stir up racial tensions and further demonize the South. Consider: Suppose a group of white boys were in a black neighborhood in Chicago (or Atlanta, Birmingham, Detroit, etc.) and one of them, a white teenager from another State, on a dare flirted with a married black woman, taking her hand and then putting his hands on her waist while using vulgarity as he propositioned her and bragged to her about fornication with other black women and then whistled at her as a friend or cousin pulled him away from her. Could this arouse any negative reactions in the black community? Is it possible that a jealous black husband might decide to deal with him personally and could even become violent?
• The Pleggy VS Ferguson decision of 1896, which made racial segregation the official US government policy for over fifty years, was repudiated in the Brown VS Board of Education decision of 1954, and both US Supreme Court Decisions were based on interpretations of an Amendment (Fourteenth Amendment) that was never ratified by the states and therefore is not lawfully part of the US Constitution. The Brown VS Board of Education decision of 1954 was a means to expand US government power. For example, efforts to use the National Guard to block enforcement of Brown VS Board of Education were countered by deploying federal troops and federalising the National Guard of a resisting State, and in these and other ways the US government violated the US Constitution to enforce a power not delegated to the US government by the US Constitution.
• The efforts of social engineers to change hearts through legislation and court orders tend to be self-defeating, and a closer look will also reveal that leftist policies and programs often hindered, directly or indirectly, the promised “progress.” For example, in the early 1950s, before coerced racial integration and egalitarianism, various businesses (e.g., coffeehouses, etc.) in Birmingham, Alabama, and Atlanta, Georgia, and other southern cities took down “White Only” signs because of realization that being open to everyone could mean more money and would not hurt anything.
• In the decades preceding and during the so-called Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and '60s numerous southern statesmen and clergy warned of dangers in the race-mixing movement and racial egalitarianism and those predictions came true. Look at the years and decades since and seriously consider: Did racial egalitarianism and coerced racial integration produce racial harmony or foster civil unrest and increasing black-on-white crime (which the liberal media tries to censor) while infringing on State sovereignty and increasing US government power? The US intrusions involved were reminiscent of the so-called Reconstruction of the South. The attempts of social engineers to change hearts through legislation and court decisions are self-defeating and social programs purported to alleviate racial tensions and produce racial harmony, such as racial egalitarianism and Ex Post Facto Laws, usually have the opposite effect.
• During the so-called Freedom Marches of the 1960s, which were often held without a parade permit, demonstrators smoked marijuana, spat on or assaulted police officers, fornicated in the open, and afterward the local authorities were left with the problem of dealing with the tons of garbage left by demonstrators, which included used condoms, drug paraphernalia, and feces, and these aspects were ignored by the liberal media so that the Freedom Marches could arouse national sympathy and encourage US government intrusion while fostering resentment and opposition among southrons.
• During the so-called Civil Rights Movement of the mid twentieth century, the extremely high percentage of black crime, along with the very high rates of black-on-black and black-on-white violent crime and the high rates of illegitimacy and venereal disease in the black community, made many white southrons concerned about the potential repercussions of diversity and desegregation. (This is not saying all blacks were criminals or sexually irresponsible. But lightly dismissing these factors as irrelevant did not change minds and hearts or calm the situation. Negative racial attitudes that are based on negative experience and observation are not changed by merely saying it is wrong to think that way.)
• All-white colleges in the South (e.g., University of Mississippi & University of Alabama) were not merely required to racially integrate; they were forced to enroll black students that previously would have been rejected if they had been white because they did not meet the required standards. This fostered resentment and racial polarization. (This was not about the right to a college education as there were black colleges in the South.)
• Forced racial integration required extra buses, extra bus drivers, extra fuel, and other expenses amounting to billions of dollars that State governments and the US government did not have for a program that did not produce racial harmony or improve education. Coerced racial integration naturally provoked civil unrest and racial polarization, especially after racial segregation had been official US government policy for over half a century.
• During the so-called Civil Rights Movement of the mid-twentieth century, sensationalized and distorted news reports and docudramas and other distorted media portrayals of the South fostered white guilt and white bleeding hearts among whites and a victim mentality and a hate-white mentality among blacks, and the US government instituted policies and programs that may have appeared noble at first glance but were obviously designed to expand US government power and pit blacks and whites against each other. For example, some aspects of the official narrative on the Freedom Summer Murders (June 1964 in Philadelphia, Mississippi) leave me with doubts and questions about the official narrative: -An anonymous informer gave the FBI a general location of the bodies. Instead of having the work crew dig from one end of the earthen dam to the other, a federal agent marked the spot where he wanted them to start digging and just happened to pick the exact location of the bodies (33:31). (Coincidence?) -In this TV documentary made a few decades ago the narrator said that the informer who told the FBI the location of the bodies is known only as Mr. X because he still lives in the area (which seems to assume that the KKK would not know the identity of the only Klansmen or Klansman that knew the location of the bodies). www.youtube.com/watch?v=N57vzrSEDCw&t=74s -How did the FBI confirm the Klan membership of “Klan members” that provided evidence, signed statements, or testified against the Ku Klux Klan? -Why was it unnecessary for Klan members that provided evidence, signed statements, or testified against the KKK to change identity or location? -What was the hard evidence against the men convicted in this case? (Not saying there wasn't any, just curious about what it was.)
• The Civil Rights Act of 1964 did not give non-whites equal rights as racial equality was already the law of the land; the Civil Rights Act of 1964 made discrimination through egalitarianism and racial quotas inevitable, and reinforced the stereotype that black people cannot succeed on their own merits. If you put a group of small children in a room together and give one child a stick and the right to use the stick against the other children at will, the other children will submit to the child with the stick while resentments and tensions increase, and the other children might unite against the child with the stick; race cards and woman cards have a similar impact on a society.
• If black people were not allowed to vote in Alabama and other Southern States prior to the Voting Rights Act of 1965, then how do you explain the black counties and black cities in Alabama and other Southern States with black public officials and all-black electorates prior to 1965? Prior to 1965 the state of Alabama and other Southern States required basic literacy and a basic knowledge of the US Constitution and State government to be eligible to vote. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 did not give non-whites the right to vote as they already had the constitutional right to vote for almost a century; it secured the vote for illiterates that would have been ineligible to vote prior to 1965 even if they had been white. (While universal suffrage may sound like a noble cause, this inevitably results in a majoritarian democracy, mob rule, that gives unchequed government power to charismatic personalities.)
• In 1967 the US Supreme Court held State Miscegenation Laws to be unconstitutional, in the Loving vs Virginia decision, which was an interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment. Beginning in 2013 Loving vs Virginia has been cited as precedent in US federal court decisions that held state laws restricting same-sex marriage to be unconstitutional, and this should not have been a shock or surprise to anyone. It is interesting that those who argue that miscegenation laws and restrictions against same-sex marriage violated civil rights by restricting the choice of a marriage mate and are therefore unconstitutional do not always apply the same argument to other marriage laws that restrict the choice of a marriage mate. What about state laws that limit the number of times someone can divorce and remarry? What about state laws that raise the age at which teenagers can marry even with parental consent? What about state laws prohibiting first cousins from marrying? (Incidentally, the USA is the only country with restrictions against first cousin marriage, and those States that restricted it did so based on claims and data that were later disproved.) Why haven’t they challenged the constitutionality of those laws? Have you considered the possibility that liberals just did not consider those other marriage laws to be issues as useful or effective in centralising government? Whether you agree or disagree with miscegenation laws, it is obvious that this issue should not have been decided by the US government as it was a violation of the Tenth Amendment for the US government to intrude in such matters. As with many other US Supreme Court decisions, the Loving vs Virginia decision did not actually protect a constitutional right but did expand US government power. (If you research Loving vs Virginia some aspects of the case might arouse questions and suspicions about how and why it became a criminal case, went to trial, and went to the US Supreme Court. E.g., the lack of evidence that Mildred Loving had black ancestry or enough black ancestry to be classified as a black woman under Virginia laws; Mildred Loving was American Indian and marriages between white people and American Indians were not illegal in Virginia.)
• The Ku Klux Klan began using the Confederate Battle Flag in its rituals and demonstrations in the 1950s, and before then the Ku Klux Klan identified with the US Flag and identification with the Confederate Battle Flag was individual and not organizational. It is argued that the Confederate Battle Flag is a racist symbol because of its use by white supremacists but note that those white supremacists also rally around the Holy Bible, the Cross, and the US Flag. Note also that many slave ships flew the US Flag while no slave ship flew any Confederate Flag, the CSA made allies of American Indians and were planning to admit the Indian Territory as a State into the CSA following the war, and during the War of Northern Aggression the USA also waged genocide against American Indians.
• Note that the Confederate Battle Flag was a BATTLE FLAG. Confederate troops were not fighting for slavery or racism, they were fighting to defend their country against armed invasion.
• In 1986 the NAACP was struggling financially and needed a cause to boost membership and funds, so they made resolutions early in 1987 condemning Confederate symbols as racist and calling for their removal.
We are experiencing repercussions of US government intrusions, expansions of US government police powers, and intrusions upon personal rights, being made the law of the land during the so-called Civil Rights Movement, which were enabled by the continual demonization of the South and were applauded by many well-meaning people that were guided by wishful thinking, utopian dreams, and the assumption that the Civil Rights Movement was a noble cause. For example, discrimination against Christian business owners should not have been a surprise, as the US government has denied the right of business owners to decide who they will or will not do business with, and the right to determine the criterion for deciding who to hire or not hire, for over half a century.
This is not saying that black people have always had it good, this is simply saying that the way things were handled or accomplished was often wrong and often caused more problems than were solved.
I am not expecting you to take my word on anything, I am hoping this will encourage you to do further research, even if for no other reason than to prove me wrong.
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Name: Arnold Saxton
