Tue, Apr 28th - 5:39PM
WHAT HAPPENED TO YOUNG ADULTS?
“As for
my people, children are their oppressors, and women rule over them. O my
people, they which lead thee cause thee to err, and destroy the way of thy
paths.” (Isaiah 3:12) “My
people are destroyed for lack of knowledge: because thou hast rejected
knowledge, I will also reject thee, that thou shalt be no priest to me: seeing
thou hast forgotten the law of thy God, I will also forget thy children.”
(Hosea 4:6) What
happened to young adults, and what led to the Generation Gap and the youth
culture of rebellion and decadence that continues today? There was a time in
America and Europe when a teenager was normally considered ready for normal
adult work and responsibility, teenage marriage did not involve a high divorce
rate, and juvenile crime was not considered normal behaviour. In Bible times a
person was considered a young adult at the age of thirteen, but today we have a
person called an adolescent, someone who is not physically a child but is not
considered a young adult. What happened? Let us look at some of the societal
and cultural trends that led to this: For
much of American history families and society in general were patriarchal, and
adults had moral, religious, and social responsibilities to provide for,
discipline, and train their children, and care for elderly parents, and parents
normally raised up their children to succeed them, and not to merely succeed.
Over time government expansion and the Industrial Revolution were allowed to
interfere with family relationships and responsibilities. With the Industrial
Revolution came Child Labor Laws, some of which made sense while others were
absurd. For example, laws originally intended to keep a child whose age is
still a single digit from working sixteen hours a day in a sweatshop or coal
mine under unhealthy conditions are now used to keep healthy teenagers from
doing light work for eight hours or less in air-conditioned buildings. The idea
that children should not be taught to work and be responsible and teenagers
cannot or should not be expected to handle work and responsibility has become
popular and accepted. Free public education became compulsory continued
education, thus encouraging artificially extended childhood and further
enabling indoctrination in secularism and humanism. If movements and
legislation to coerce teenagers into staying in school were ultimately based on
concern for the interests and welfare of youths, then intelligent and
knowledgeable students would be encouraged to get a GED and seek employment or
go on to college or vocational school; the real issue is government
indoctrination and the expansion of government power. We even have children's
courts, or juvenile courts, to impress upon young minds that they are not fully
accountable or completely responsible for their behaviour. Secular
humanism has been invading and dominating public schools, colleges, the media,
politics, churches, and religious institutions for over a century. Humanism
replaced integrity, self-respect, and other gentlemanly (or genteel) and
feminine characteristics with self-esteem, replaced personal responsibility and
accountability with self-esteem and blamed all sorts of sins, personal
problems, and social maladies on lack of self-esteem. Humanism has produced a
generation where academic and work ethics often suffer because of replacing
proficiency with self-confidence, and civility and hospitality are often
sacrificed on the altar of self. Secularism
replaced Bible principles with secular philosophy and denies the need to look
to Scripture for direction in human interactions and relationships. Women
became masculine and men became effeminate or adopted a macho facade, these
extremes being contrary to God's design for the male as the Lord's
representative and the female as an helpmeet. Feminism encourages women to
reject their complementary role and mimic the sexual attitudes, behaviour, and
aggressiveness of men and thus relinquish their natural power; this merely
fulfills male fantasies and accommodates the baser instincts of men while
lowering the respect of men for women instead of encouraging women to be the
civilising and stabilising influence on men that they are designed to be. The
rise of feminism has been destructive to chivalry and femininity, and role
reversals anathematized the need for respect between the sexes. The need for
true gentlemen and ladies was replaced by “equality;” equals do not complement
each other, they compete. God's design for communities, organizations, and the
family is hierarchy with a balance between equality of being and functional
subordination. Widespread
materialism has produced a society of ungrateful, indulgent, and overbearing
people without a sense of thankfulness and appreciation, a generation of
selfish expectations where an attitude that we deserve everything prevails. Widespread
lack of parental presence, training, supervision, and participation in the
lives of children had negative effects. Movies
and TV shows often portray Middle School and High School students as small
children in the bodies of youths and present this either as typical and
expected of every teenager or as an example to emulate. Encouraging extended
childhood and discouraging emotional and intellectual growth jeopardizes future
relationships, makes people more easily persuaded to reject the influence and
values of family and church, and makes people more easily indoctrinated in
secularism, humanism, and statism. For
decades education and entertainment media have encouraged youths to limit their
associations to young and immature people and avoid the influence of mature
people who are older and wiser than themselves. (Consider Proverbs 13:20) In the
Twentieth Century, especially the latter half of the Twentieth Century, some
misleading myths and theories were widely accepted even in Christian circles,
such as: · The theory of evolution is compatible with
Christianity and Bible truth. · Humans are naturally good. (Man can choose
to do right, but sin comes naturally because humans are natural-born sinners.
How many parents ever had to teach a child how to be bad?) · Satan rules the Earth. (Satan rules in the
hearts of unbelievers, "the wicked world system," but God is the
present ruler of the Earth and nothing in the Bible ever indicates that God
abdicated His throne and turned rulership over to Satan.) · The Bible is only for Christians. (The
Bible is God's message to all mankind and provides guidance on every area of
human existence and applying Bible teachings benefits both believers and
unbelievers. The important difference is that for the unbeliever the Word of
God is convicting and for the believer the Word of God is cleansing.) · Bible truths and standards only apply to
the church-related part of our lives and do not apply to our secular
lives. · It is wrong for a Christian (especially a
preacher) to hold a public office or otherwise try to influence society for
righteousness. (Daniel 2:48-49; Matthew 5:13-16; Acts 17:6-7; 2 Corinthians
10:4-6; I Timothy 2:1-2; I John 5:4; etc.) · For a long time it has been normal or even
typical for Christians in America to blame the displacement of the Christian
worldview, the erosion of traditional family values, and alarming increases in
divorce, unwed pregnancy, venereal disease, youth rebellion, and other social
maladies on everything but the decline in Christian influence and subsequent
increase in rejection of the Bible and Christian values instead of recognising
the responsibility of Christians to impact culture and community for righteousness. · After WWII there arose a trend of giving
teenagers a separate identity and segregating teenagers into a different class
of people, and it has become commonplace for churches to segregate teenagers
from mature influences, thus making it common for youths to be peer-dependent
instead of elder-dependent and replacing respect for elders with respect for
youth and immaturity. (Consider Proverbs 13:20; Isaiah 3:4-5; Malachi 4:6) · In the 1940s so-called "experts"
began teaching that it is wrong to use corporal punishment to discipline
children and you should not teach your children about religion and morality
until they are grown, and along with this the idea that children should have
everything their parents did not have has become popular. As years and decades passed,
this philosophy of spoiling and not disciplining children kept gaining
popularity so that we have a large segment of the "adult" population
that were undisciplined and spoiled to the point of replacing reality and
critical thinking with delusions and wishful thinking and behaving like spoiled
children in pursuit of utopian dreams. These teachings became immensely popular
even though these theories were directly contrary to Scripture and credible
studies; for example, studies reveal that over eighty percent of the
personality is developed before a child is six years old, and all or most of
the personality is developed before the teen years. (Consider Proverbs 22:6,
15; 29:15, 17; Isaiah 28:9) · Sex education is the job of secular
government-run public schools because all sex is sin, sex is dirty, and
Christians must never talk about it. (Sex is sacred and beautiful, which is the
reason for standards of sexual morality, and the Bible is not prudish about
sex. -Ruth 4:13; Proverbs 5:18-20; Song of Solomon 1:13; 5:4; 7:6-8; I
Corinthians 7:2-5; Hebrews 13:4; etc...) · The modern theory that teenagers can be
kept from attracting or desiring the opposite sex though legislation, taboo, or
social custom is a fantasy far removed from reality. The Bible does not pretend
or imply that young women can be kept from attracting or desiring men but
established safeguards and moral guidelines. (Consider Song of Solomon 8:8-9)
Teen pregnancy is not a social malady, a dangerous trend, or a modern
phenomenon; throughout history most women married in their teens and most
mothers bore their first child while in their teens. It is ironic that some
modern laws meant to stop sexual abuse give youths opportunities to be sexually
immoral with reduced risk of disclosure or reprisal and thus make them more
vulnerable; consider that statutory rape is the only felony in which an
underage youth can willingly participate, and even initiate the crime, without
reprisal. On the other hand, statutory rape laws and marriage laws that raise
the age of consent and the age at which a teenager can marry (even with
parental consent) do not keep an underage young woman from attracting or
desiring the opposite sex, they simply discourage unmarried gentlemen with
honourable motives from romantic interest for fear of social and legal
repercussions. This, along with frequent misapplication of the word
“pedophilia” (sexual attraction to, or sexual relations with, prepubescent
children), also sends out the wrong message by implying that the sexual abuse
of a prepubescent child is no worse or different than consensual sex with a
teenager. In many cases there are practical reasons to delay marriage until
older, and we should be concerned about protecting young people from abuse and
exploitation, but a blanket condemnation or prohibition against teenage
marriage has negative effects. (Back in 1990 I saw a news report about the
alarming number of teenage pregnancies, and since my mother was a teenager when
I was born but was married before she was pregnant the wording of the report made
me wonder why the media treats this as a social malady. I went to the library
to research whether this really is a growing problem and learned that in
decades and centuries past there was a higher percentage of teenagers having
babies but a much lower percentage of unwed pregnancies. Later I read in a
magazine about a then recent study that revealed that in most unwed teenage
pregnancies the illegitimate father is a married man, and this led to further
research. I encourage the reader to research this yourself and see if you get
the impression that the liberal media has been deliberately working to distort
our perspective on this issue.) The list of examples could continue but these should
suffice for now. When I
was a teenager, it annoyed me to hear a teenager use their youth as an excuse
for recklessness or rebellion, or to hear someone older use their youth as a
cop out to excuse the sins of their youth by saying they were a teenager, as
though every teenager does what they did or behaves as badly and that erases
any guilt, and sometimes this still bothers me. When you were a teenager, you
did not sin because you were a teenager, you sinned because you were a sinner,
and if you were an extremely immature teenager, it was because you were
extremely immature. Please
do not misunderstand what I am saying, I am certainly not arguing that all
teenagers are mature, or that parental consent should not be required for
important or major decisions and choices (e.g., marriage, etc.). (I am also in
favour of raising the voting age. It is ironic when someone who says teenagers
should not be trusted with firearms or adult responsibilities says teenagers
should choose who to entrust with government power, as though government power
is not dangerous and voting does not involve any risk.) But I do want to share
some food for thought: When we penalize all teenagers because of what some
teenagers do, did, or might do, who is being limited or restricted? Are we
really limiting or restricting the extremely immature little brats in the bodies
of teenagers who do not respect elders or authority, or are we penalizing the
young ladies and young gentlemen who are not the problem? Also consider, how do
you or would you respond to being penalized for the wrongdoing of others?
(Besides, nobody 21 or older ever does anything childish, commits crimes, or
behaves irresponsibly. Right?) It is
ironic that in modern times we, as a society, push, promote, and encourage
extended or suspended childhood and then wonder why so many take so much longer
to grow up than previous generations that were not so heavily influenced by
modernists that push, promote, and encourage extended or suspended childhood. For
some reason there is a common tendency to refuse to learn lessons from the
past, as though we must be superior to our forefathers and cannot acknowledge
that someone else may have possessed more wisdom in some area. I am not trying
to romanticize the past or claim that any human society was ever without wrongs
and imperfections. I am simply asking you to consider the obvious: If certain
problems with youths that are now rampant, and are even considered normal or
acceptable now, were at one time the exceptions and not the rule, it must be
that our forefathers (though human like us) were doing something right and that
those things which they were doing right were discontinued. -Arnold J. Saxton
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Tue, Mar 24th - 4:37PM
ARE YOU SAVED?
Many believe they are
saved merely because they had a religious experience, but a religious
experience does not necessarily mean salvation. You can bathe and brush your
teeth religiously (and you should), but this will not save you from Hell. It
worries me when someone says they were so young that they don’t remember much
about the experience: If you had an experience that you don’t remember much
about then you didn’t have much of an experience. Many refer to certain works
or ceremonies as the reason to believe they are saved, but this tends to
indicate the opposite: Salvation is a personal experience with Jesus Christ and
is through the finished work of Calvary (the blood of Christ), not the shed
blood of Jesus Christ and additional supplements. (John 3:14-16; 1 Peter 1:19)
“Marvel not that I said
unto thee, Ye must be born again.” (John 3:7) There are always cases of people
assuming that they are saved because they were born and raised in a certain
religion or denomination or assuming that they were saved through rituals and
ceremonies, and this was true of many when Christ walked the earth. (John
1:12-13; 3:1-6) The new birth is a personal experience with Jesus Christ. (John
3:5-16; Titus 3:5-7) “Jesus answered and said unto him, Art thou a master of
Israel, and knowest not these things?” (John 3:10) Christ was teaching
something Nicodemus should have already known through familiarity with Old
Testament teachings about the Holy Spirit’s work of supernatural change in the
lives of people in the new covenant age. (Ezekiel 11 & 36, Jeremiah 31,
etc.)
The teaching that merely
committing sin means the loss of salvation is a salvation by works (Romans 4:5;
Ephesians 2:8-9) and works determine rewards but not salvation. (1 Corinthians
3:14-15; 2 Corinthians 5:10; Colossians 3:23-24) Before you insist that you
would take your fill of sin if you did not believe that merely committing sin
means the loss of salvation, stop, and think about what this implies about you.
“Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature: old things are passed
away; behold, all things are become new.” (2 Corinthians 5:17) “For the grace
of God that bringeth salvation hath appeared to all men, Teaching us that,
denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live soberly, righteously, and
godly, in this present world.” (Titus 2:11-12) “And ye have forgotten the
exhortation which speaketh unto you as unto children, My son, despise not thou
the chastening of the Lord, nor faint when thou art rebuked of him: For whom
the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom he receiveth. If ye
endure chastening, God dealeth with you as with sons; for what son is he whom
the father chasteneth not? But if ye be without chastisement, whereof all are
partakers, then are ye bastards, and not sons. Furthermore we have had fathers
of our flesh which corrected us, and we gave them reverence: shall we not much
rather be in subjection unto the Father of spirits, and live? For they verily
for a few days chastened us after their own pleasure; but he for our profit,
that we might be partakers of his holiness. Now no chastening for the present
seemeth to be joyous, but grievous: nevertheless afterward it yieldeth the
peaceable fruit of righteousness unto them which are exercised thereby.”
(Hebrews 12:5-11) "They went out from us, but they were not of us; for if
they had been of us, they would no doubt have continued with us: but they went
out, that they might be made manifest that they were not all of us." (1
John 2:19) “And every man that hath this hope in him purifieth himself, even as
he is pure.” (1 John 3:3)
What about sound doctrine
and religious experiences or spiritual gifts, doesn’t that confirm salvation?
Not necessarily. (Matthew 7:21-23; James 2:19)
Did you repent? (Mark
1:14-15; Luke 13:3) Many describe a salvation experience that did not include
repentance, which indicates that they are not saved. A mere belief without
genuine repentance is not saving faith, as saving faith is repentant faith. (Acts
3:19; also consider Psalm 34:18; Isaiah 55:6-7; 57:15; 66:2) Repentance is the
turning from sin to God, and faith is the turning to Jesus Christ (God in the
flesh) for salvation. (Acts 20:21) Repentance is required for salvation; it is
the effective agent for forgiveness and remission of sins through the power of
the cross. (Luke 24:47; Acts 2:38; 3:19; 11:18; 17:30-31)
How do you describe Jesus
Christ? Faith, like love, always has an object and the proper object of saving
faith is Jesus Christ, and more specifically, the Jesus Christ who is presented
in Scripture. (2 Corinthians 11:4; 1 Timothy 2:5; 1 John 4:2-3; 2 John7)
Was there a change in
your life? “Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature: old things
are passed away; behold, all things are become new. (2 Corinthians 5:17) “For
the grace of God that bringeth salvation hath appeared to all men, Teaching us
that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live soberly,
righteously, and godly, in this present world.” (Titus 2:11-12) Consider: A
farmer gave his favourite pig a bath so that it would look and smell clean at
the county fair. Someone left a gate open and that pig headed down the road
searching for adventure. A strong wind blew the pig off the road and into a
ditch. In the ditch there was garbage, a bad smell, and thick mud. When the pig
realised where he was, he began thinking to himself “this is heaven on earth,
this is exactly where I want to be.” Why? Because it is a pig’s nature to
wallow in mud. (2 Peter 2:22) A lamb strayed from the flock and wandered down
the road. A strong wind blew the lamb off the road and into a ditch where there
was garbage, a bad smell, and thick mud. When the lamb realised where he was,
he began struggling to get out of the ditch, and when he saw that he couldn’t
get out he began crying out for the shepherd. Why? Because it is not a sheep’s
nature to wallow in mud.
Do you practice sin less
than before? (1 John 3:3-6. The word commit can mean practice, and so can the
Greek word Poieo which is here rendered as commit.)
If you went to visit a
millionaire at his home and when you met him you told him you are moving into
his house to live with him and he has to allow this because you are a good
person and you live right, unless you happened to be related and on excellent terms
with him you would not receive a positive response because he does not know you
and you are not even related. If you die lost, when you stand before Jesus
Christ as your judge your pleas that you were a good person and lived right
will not receive a positive response. “Not every one that saith unto me, Lord,
Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my
Father which is in heaven. Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we
not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name have cast out devils? and in thy
name done many wonderful works? And then will I profess unto them, I never knew
you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity.” (Matthew 7:21-23; when you read
Matthew 7:24-27 consider that sand is little pieces of rock; also consider
Matthew 13:24-30)
Consider that one
especially noteworthy characteristic of goats is that a goat is the most
religious animal; goats spend more time on their knees keeping up an appearance
of piety than any other animal: Being very religious does not necessarily mean
being close to God or closer to the truth; it often means the opposite.
(Consider Matthew 25:31-34)
Do you know that you are
a child of God? “For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons
of God. For ye have not received the spirit of bondage again to fear; but ye
have received the Spirit of adoption, whereby we cry, Abba, Father. The Spirit
itself beareth witness with our spirit, that we are the children of God.”
(Romans 8:14-16) “And because ye are sons, God hath sent forth the Spirit of
his Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father.” (Galatians 4:6) Many believe
they are saved because they said a certain prayer and they have more faith in
the sincerity of that prayer than they have in Jesus Christ, or after saying a
certain prayer someone told them they are saved and they have confidence in
that person’s opinion. When you pray for salvation, you should repent and
believe in Jesus Christ and pray for his mercy and grace until God touches you
and you KNOW you are a child of God.
If you have doubts about
your salvation you should go to Jesus Christ as a lost sinner seeking
salvation. What if you go to Jesus for salvation and it turns out that you
didn’t need to? God will forgive you. It would be better to seek salvation and
not need it than to finish this life hoping in a counterfeit salvation.
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Thu, Mar 12th - 7:00PM
PROBLEMS WITH CALVINISM
PROBLEMS
WITH CALVINISM
In some ways the
Protestant Reformation was a “back to the Bible” movement, but light comes from
Scripture and not the Protestant Reformation or the Protestant Reformers. “The
entrance of thy words giveth light; it giveth understanding unto the simple.” (Psalm
119:130) The Reformers did teach important truths, but we should test all
things by the Bible and not Reformation traditions. (Acts 17:11; 2 Timothy 2:15;
3:16)
Let’s look at each of the
five points of Calvinism:
TOTAL DEPRAVITY.
Calvinism interprets total depravity to mean total inability, that man is
unable to come to Christ unless he is foreordained to salvation. Total
depravity is taught in Scripture and means that man is a natural born sinner
that can do nothing to earn or merit salvation.
“And ye will not come to
me, that ye might have life.” (John 5:40) If the problem is an inability to
come to Christ and not unwillingness, then why did Christ say “ye will not come
to me?”
“No man can come to me,
except the Father which hath sent me draw him: and I will raise him up at the
last day.” (John 6:44) John 6:44 is often interpreted to mean that man is
unable to come to Christ unless he is foreordained to salvation. But this
interpretation conflicts with: “And I, if I be lifted up from the earth, will
draw all men unto me.” (John 12:32)
UNCONDITIONAL ELECTION.
Calvinism says that some are chosen for Heaven and some are chosen for Hell and
this choice is unconditional. But according to the Bible, the election of the
redeemed is according to the foreknowledge of God. “For whom he did foreknow,
he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might
be the firstborn among many brethren. Moreover whom he did predestinate, them
he also called: and whom he called, them he also justified: and whom he
justified, them he also glorified.” (Romans 8:29-30) “But we are bound to give
thanks alway to God for you, brethren beloved of the Lord, because God hath
from the beginning chosen you to salvation through sanctification of the Spirit
and belief of the truth: Whereunto he called you by our gospel, to the
obtaining of the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ.” (2 Thessalonians 2:13-14)
“Elect according to the foreknowledge of God the Father, through sanctification
of the Spirit, unto obedience and sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ:
Grace unto you, and peace, be multiplied.” (1 Peter 1:2)
The call to salvation is
universal. “For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son,
that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.
For God sent not his Son into the world to condemn the world; but that the
world through him might be saved. He that believeth on him is not condemned:
but he that believeth not is condemned already, because he hath not believed in
the name of the only begotten Son of God.” (John 3:16-18) “He that believeth on
the Son hath everlasting life: and he that believeth not the Son shall not see
life; but the wrath of God abideth on him.” (John 3:36) “And said unto the
woman, Now we believe, not because of thy saying: for we have heard him
ourselves, and know that this is indeed the Christ, the Saviour of the world.” John
4:42) “Therefore as by the offence of one judgment came upon all men to
condemnation; even so by the righteousness of one the free gift came upon all
men unto justification of life.” (Romans 5:18) “For the grace of God that
bringeth salvation hath appeared to all men,” (Titus 2:11) “But we see Jesus,
who was made a little lower than the angels for the suffering of death, crowned
with glory and honour; that he by the grace of God should taste death for every
man.” (Hebrews 2:9) “The Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as some men
count slackness; but is longsuffering to us-ward, not willing that any should
perish, but that all should come to repentance.” (2 Peter 3:9) “And he is the
propitiation for our sins: and not for ours only, but also for the sins of the
whole world.” (1 John 2:2)
Scripture makes it clear
that it is God's will for all to be saved. “And the times of this ignorance God
winked at; but now commandeth all men every where to repent.” (Acts 17:30) “For
this is good and acceptable in the sight of God our Saviour; Who will have all
men to be saved, and to come unto the knowledge of the truth.” (1 Timothy 2:3-4)
“The Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as some men count slackness; but
is longsuffering to us-ward, not willing that any should perish, but that all
should come to repentance.” (2 Peter 3:9)
LIMITED ATONEMENT.
Calvinism says that Christ only died for those chosen and ordained to go to
Heaven. The argument that the whole world would be saved if Christ died for the
whole world is also contrary to Scripture. The blood atonement is sufficient to
save the whole world, but it is only efficient for those who believe. “For
there is one God, and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus;
Who gave himself a ransom for all, to be testified in due time.” (I Timothy 2:5-6)
“For therefore we both labour and suffer reproach, because we trust in the
living God, who is the Saviour of all men, specially of those that believe.” (1
Timothy 4:10) “But we see Jesus, who was made a little lower than the angels
for the suffering of death, crowned with glory and honour; that he by the grace
of God should taste death for every man.” (Hebrews 2:9) “And he is the
propitiation for our sins: and not for ours only, but also for the sins of the
whole world.” (1 John 2:2) “And we have seen and do testify that the Father
sent the Son to be the Saviour of the world.” (1John 4:14)
IRRESISTIBLE GRACE.
Calvinism says God forces people to get saved. “But Noah found grace in the
eyes of the LORD.” (Genesis 6:8) “Which sometime were disobedient, when once
the longsuffering of God waited in the days of Noah, while the ark was a
preparing, wherein few, that is, eight souls were saved by water.” (I Peter
3:20) Was it irresistible grace that saved Noah, or did grace bring salvation
to Noah and his family? The grace of God bringeth salvation. “For the grace of
God that bringeth salvation hath appeared to all men,” (Titus 2:11)
PERSEVERANCE OF THE SAINTS.
Calvinism says once saved always saved. While both sides of the debate can be
far apart in the results of their teachings, they have important points in
common. Both unconditional eternal security (once saved always saved) and Arminian
eternal security (the belief that salvation can be lost through apostacy) share
the same belief that faith in Christ is the key to security, and both teach
that salvation is by grace through faith and not of works and that works determine rewards but not salvation.
Consider a few problems
with the doctrine of unconditional eternal security:
· “For God so loved the world, that he gave
his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but
have everlasting life.” (John 3:16) The Greek word rendered believeth also
means “commit to” or “be committed unto.” Note that everlasting life is
dependent on commitment, and if you do not believeth in him you do not have
everlasting life.
· “And this is life eternal, that they might
know thee the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom thou hast sent.” (John
17:3) Eternal life is a relationship with God through Christ, and one is
eternally secure when he is in Christ. The phrase “eternal life” (Greek:
aionios zoe) refers to the quality or caliber of life that comes from a
relationship with God in the present. Eternal life comes from the source of
life, and a believer is secure if he is in Christ.
· “If any man see his brother sin a sin
which is not unto death, he shall ask, and he shall give him life for them that
sin not unto death. There is a sin unto death: I do not say that he shall pray
for it.” (I John 5:16) When a born-again believer sins God gives space to
repent, so this must be dealing with persistent unrepentance. (Hebrews
10:26-31; 1 John 1:8-9) Is the sin unto death a reference to physical death or
spiritual death? Death means separation: Physical death is the separation of
the soul and body, and spiritual death is separation of man from God. (Genesis
35:18; Romans 5:12, 17; Ephesians 2:1; Colossians 2:13; I Peter 4:6) Since all
sin leads to physical death the sin unto death must be a reference to spiritual
death.
· “For if we sin wilfully after that we have
received the knowledge of the truth, there remaineth no more sacrifice for
sins, But a certain fearful looking for of judgment and fiery indignation,
which shall devour the adversaries. He that despised Moses' law died without
mercy under two or three witnesses: Of how much sorer punishment, suppose ye,
shall he be thought worthy, who hath trodden under foot the Son of God, and
hath counted the blood of the covenant, wherewith he was sanctified, an unholy
thing, and hath done despite unto the Spirit of grace? For we know him that
hath said, Vengeance belongeth unto me, I will recompense, saith the Lord. And
again, The Lord shall judge his people. It is a fearful thing to fall into the
hands of the living God.” (Hebrews 10:26-31) Some scholars explain this to be
referring to a lost person who apostatises after making a false profession of
faith, but an unsaved person does not have to make a false profession and then
reject Christ to be condemned. (John 3:18) Look carefully at the wording and
grammar of Hebrews 10:26 and note that this is not saying that merely
committing sin means the loss of salvation, or that God does not give space to
repent, it is saying that persistent unrepentance means “there remaineth no
more sacrifice for sins.” (Compare I Corinthians 6:9; Galatians 5:19; Ephesians
5:3-5)
· “Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord
Jesus Christ, which according to his abundant mercy hath begotten us again unto
a lively hope by the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, To an
inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth not away, reserved in
heaven for you, Who are kept by the power of God THROUGH FAITH unto salvation
ready to be revealed in the last time.” (1 Peter 1:3-5) 1 Peter 1:3-5 is often
cited as proof of unconditional eternal security, with the question: If 1 Peter
1:3-5 does not mean once saved always saved, then what does it mean? Look
closely at exactly what is being said and observe that this neither proves or
disproves unconditional eternal security: The wording and grammar make it clear
that faith is the key to security.
· “Many will say to me in that day, Lord,
Lord, have we not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name have cast out devils?
and in thy name done many wonderful works? And then will I profess unto them, I
never knew you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity.” (Matthew 7:22-23)
Salvation is a personal experience with Jesus Christ, so does Matthew 7:22-23
mean once saved always saved? Matthew 7:22-23 is not referring to all lost
people, it deals with PROFESSED Christians depending on their works for
salvation.
· “For we are made partakers of Christ, if
we hold the beginning of our confidence stedfast unto the end.” (Hebrews 3:14)
Note there is an “if.”
· “Now the just shall live by faith: but if
any man draw back, my soul shall have no pleasure in him. But we are not of
them who draw back unto perdition; but of them that believe to the saving of
the soul.” (Hebrews 10:38-39) According to this, there were some that drew back
unto perdition; how can an unbeliever do that, since an unbeliever is condemned
already? (John 3:18)
· “For it is impossible for those who were
once enlightened, and have tasted of the heavenly gift, and were made partakers
of the Holy Ghost, And have tasted the good word of God, and the powers of the
world to come, If they shall fall away, to renew them again unto repentance;
seeing they crucify to themselves the Son of God afresh, and put him to an open
shame.” (Hebrews 6:4-6) Is Hebrews 6:4-6 saying that if any genuine born-again
believer ever did lose his salvation today, he could never be saved again as is
often claimed? Prayerfully consider the context and setting. The temple in
Jerusalem was still in operation when this was written, there was enormous
pressure on Jewish Christians to recant their faith, and some Jewish Christians
denied Christ and returned to Judaism and the sacrificing of animals at the
temple; that kind of apostacy was only possible before the destruction of the
temple at Jerusalem in 70 AD.
· “My Father, which gave them me, is greater
than all; and no man is able to pluck them out of my Father's hand.” (John
10:29) Let’s just take this passage at face value without reading into it:
Other people cannot make a born-again believer lose his salvation.
A word to the wise:
Relying on dogmatic assertions, suppositions (“what if…,” “suppose …,” etc.),
appeals to emotion, and words of men as proof instead of Scripture makes you
appear to be just another religious fanatic that does not respect the authority
of Scripture.
Comment (0)
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Sun, Mar 1st - 10:10AM
ETERNAL SALVATION (ASSURANCE, & UNCONDITIONAL ETERNAL SECURITY VERSUS ARMINIAN ETERNAL SECURITY)
A farmer gave his
favourite pig a bath so that it would look and smell clean at the county fair.
Someone left a gate open and that pig headed down the road searching for
adventure. A strong wind blew the pig off the road and into a ditch. In the
ditch there was garbage, a bad smell, and thick mud. When the pig realised
where he was, he began thinking to himself “this is heaven on earth, this is
exactly where I want to be.” Why? Because it is a pig’s nature to wallow in
mud. (2 Peter 2:22)
A lamb strayed from the
flock and wandered down the road. A strong wind blew the lamb off the road and
into a ditch where there was garbage, a bad smell, and thick mud. When the lamb
realised where he was, he began struggling to get out of the ditch, and when he
saw that he couldn’t get out he began crying out for the shepherd. Why? Because
it is not a sheep’s nature to wallow in mud.
The teaching that merely
committing sin means the loss of salvation is a salvation by works. (Romans
4:5; Ephesians 2:8-9) Works determine rewards but not salvation. (Ephesians
2:8-9; 1 Corinthians 3:14-15; 2 Corinthians 5:10; Colossians 3:23-24)
Before you insist that
you would take your fill of sin or give up living a Christian life if you did
not believe that merely committing sin means the loss of salvation, stop, and
think about what this implies about you. “Therefore if any man be in Christ, he
is a new creature: old things are passed away; behold, all things are become
new.” (2 Corinthians 5:17) “For the grace of God that bringeth salvation hath
appeared to all men, Teaching us that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts,
we should live soberly, righteously, and godly, in this present world.” (Titus
2:11-12) “And ye have forgotten the exhortation which speaketh unto you as unto
children, My son, despise not thou the chastening of the Lord, nor faint when
thou art rebuked of him: For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth
every son whom he receiveth. If ye endure chastening, God dealeth with you as
with sons; for what son is he whom the father chasteneth not? But if ye be
without chastisement, whereof all are partakers, then are ye bastards, and not
sons. Furthermore we have had fathers of our flesh which corrected us, and we
gave them reverence: shall we not much rather be in subjection unto the Father
of spirits, and live? For they verily for a few days chastened us after their
own pleasure; but he for our profit, that we might be partakers of his
holiness. Now no chastening for the present seemeth to be joyous, but grievous:
nevertheless afterward it yieldeth the peaceable fruit of righteousness unto
them which are exercised thereby.” (Hebrews 12:5-11) "They went out from
us, but they were not of us; for if they had been of us, they would no doubt
have continued with us: but they went out, that they might be made manifest
that they were not all of us." (1 John 2:19) “And every man that hath this
hope in him purifieth himself, even as he is pure.” (1 John 3:3)
If you went to visit a
millionaire at his home and when you met him you told him you are moving into
his house to live with him and he has to allow this because you are a good
person and you live right, unless you happened to be related and on excellent terms
with him you would not receive a positive response because he does not know you
and you are not even related. If you die lost, when you stand before Jesus
Christ as your judge your pleas that you were a good person and lived right
will not receive a positive response. “Not every one that saith unto me, Lord,
Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my
Father which is in heaven. Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we
not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name have cast out devils? and in thy
name done many wonderful works? And then will I profess unto them, I never knew
you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity.” (Matthew 7:21-23; when you read
Matthew 7:24-27 consider that sand is little pieces of rock; also consider
Matthew 13:24-30)
How would you explain the
difference between sheep and goats to someone who is unfamiliar with either
animal? (Consider Matthew 25:31-34) Think about it: Goats smell bad, but sheep
don’t smell good. Sheep have split hooves, and so do goats. Goats have horns,
and so do sheep. If they have horns, sheep horns are wide and curl on loops
around the head and goat horns are narrower and upright. Sheep have wool, and
so do goats. Sheep grow wool that must be sheared in the domesticated breeds,
and goats have hair that does not have to be sheared or combed. Sheep do not
have beards and some sheep have manes, and some goat breeds have beards. Sheep
are bulkier than goats and goats are thinner than sheep. Sheep have long
hanging tails that are usually cut short for sanitary reasons, and a goat has a
short tail that usually points up. Sheep have a divided upper lip that is very
noticeable, and goats do not. Both animals butt heads, but a sheep backs away
and then charges while a goat stands up on his hind legs and comes down with
force. Sheep prefer grass and clovers, and goats prefer shrubs, leaves, and
twigs. Sheep prefer to stick with the flock while goats tend to be more
independent and curious; on the other hand, a sheep likes quiet solitude
whereas a goat likes a whirlwind of activity. One especially noteworthy
characteristic of goats is that a goat is the more religious animal; goats
spend more time on their knees keeping up an appearance of piety than any other
animal: Being more religious does not necessarily mean being close to God or
closer to the truth; it often means the opposite.
Are you saved? Many
believe they are saved merely because they had a religious experience, but a
religious experience does not necessarily mean salvation. You can bathe and
brush your teeth religiously (and you should), but this will not save you from
Hell. It worries me when someone says they were so young that they don’t
remember much about the experience: If you had an experience that you don’t
remember much about then you didn’t have much of an experience. Many refer to
certain works or ceremonies as the reason to believe they are saved, but this
tends to indicate the opposite: Salvation is a personal experience with Jesus
Christ and is through the finished work of Calvary (the blood of Christ), not
the shed blood of Jesus Christ and additional supplements. (John 3:14-16; 1
Peter 1:19)
What about sound doctrine
and religious experiences or spiritual gifts manifested after salvation,
doesn’t that confirm salvation? Not necessarily. Keep in mind that if your theology
or your religious or spiritual experience does not make you love more and have
a burden for lost souls that is a good sign that you are on the wrong track and
need to do some prayerful self-examination.
Did you repent? (Mark
1:14-15; Luke 13:3) Many describe a salvation experience that did not include
repentance, which indicates that they are not saved. A mere belief without
genuine repentance is not saving faith, as saving faith is repentant faith. (Acts
3:19; also consider Psalm 34:18; Isaiah 55:6-7; 57:15; 66:2) Repentance is the
turning from sin to God, and faith is the turning to Jesus Christ (God in the
flesh) for salvation. (Acts 20:21) Repentance is required for salvation; it is
the effective agent for forgiveness and remission of sins through the power of
the cross. (Luke 24:47; Acts 2:38; 3:19; 11:18; 17:30-31)
In which Jesus did you
believe and how do you describe Jesus Christ? Faith, like love, always has an
object and the proper object of saving faith is Jesus Christ, and more
specifically, the Jesus Christ who is presented in Scripture. (2 Corinthians
11:4; 1 Timothy 2:5; 1 John 4:2-3; 2 John7)
Was there a change in
your life? “Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature: old things
are passed away; behold, all things are become new. (2 Corinthians 5:17) “For
the grace of God that bringeth salvation hath appeared to all men, Teaching us
that, denying ungodliness and worldly lusts, we should live soberly,
righteously, and godly, in this present world.” (Titus 2:11-12)
Do you practice sin less
than before? (1 John 3:3-6)
Do you know that you are
a child of God, or do you need someone to tell you if you are a child of God?
“For as many as are led by the Spirit of God, they are the sons of God. For ye
have not received the spirit of bondage again to fear; but ye have received the
Spirit of adoption, whereby we cry, Abba, Father. The Spirit itself beareth
witness with our spirit, that we are the children of God.” (Romans 8:14-16) “And
because ye are sons, God hath sent forth the Spirit of his Son into your
hearts, crying, Abba, Father.” (Galatians 4:6) Many believe they are saved
because they said a certain prayer and they have more faith in the sincerity of
that prayer than they have in Jesus Christ, or after saying a certain prayer
someone told them they are saved and they have confidence in that person’s
opinion. When you pray for salvation, you should repent and believe in Jesus
Christ and pray for his mercy and grace until God touches you and you KNOW you
are a child of God.
If you have doubts about your
salvation you should go to Jesus Christ as a lost sinner seeking salvation.
What if you go to Jesus for salvation and don’t need to? God will forgive you.
It would be better to seek salvation and not need it than to finish this life
hoping in a counterfeit salvation.
This brings us to the
issue of whether it is possible for a genuinely born-again Christian to lose
salvation.
Both sides of the debate
between unconditional eternal security (once saved always saved) and arminian
eternal security (the belief that salvation can be lost through apostacy) sometimes
need reminding that it is important to respect the Holy Bible as the final
authority; for example, many on both sides of the debate rely on suppositions
(“what if…,” “suppose …,” etc.), appeals to emotion, and words of men as proof,
and both sides sometimes use as proof texts Bible passages that do not prove
their side and ignore or lightly dismiss passages that appear to refute them.
(A word to the wise: Relying on suppositions, appeals to emotion, and words of
men as proof instead of Scripture makes you appear to be just another religious
fanatic that does not respect the authority of Scripture.)
While both sides of the
issue can be far apart in the results of their teachings, they have important
points in common. Both unconditional eternal security and the teaching of the
possibility of the apostacy of a born-again believer share the same belief that
faith in Christ is the key to security, and both teach that salvation is by
grace through faith and not of works and that works
determine rewards but not salvation.
Let me share a few
reasons I do not believe in unconditional eternal security:
· “For God so loved the world, that he gave
his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but
have everlasting life.” (John 3:16) The Greek word rendered believeth also
means “commit to” or “be committed unto.” Note that everlasting life is
dependent on commitment, and if you do not believeth in him you do not have
everlasting life.
· “And this is life eternal, that they might
know thee the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom thou hast sent.” (John
17:3) Eternal life is a relationship with God through Christ, and one is
eternally secure when he is in Christ. The phrase “eternal life” (Greek:
aionios zoe) refers to the quality or caliber of life that comes from a
relationship with God in the present. Eternal life comes from the source of
life, and a believer is secure if he is in Christ.
· “If any man see his brother sin a sin
which is not unto death, he shall ask, and he shall give him life for them that
sin not unto death. There is a sin unto death: I do not say that he shall pray
for it.” (I John 5:16) When a born-again believer sins God gives space to
repent, so this must be dealing with persistent unrepentance. (Hebrews 10:26-31;
1 John 1:8-9) Is the sin unto death a reference to physical death or spiritual
death? Death means separation: Physical death is the separation of the soul and
body, and spiritual death is separation of man from God. (Genesis 35:18; Romans
5:12, 17; Ephesians 2:1; Colossians 2:13; I Peter 4:6) Since all sin leads to
physical death the sin unto death must be a reference to spiritual death.
· “For if we sin wilfully after that we have
received the knowledge of the truth, there remaineth no more sacrifice for
sins, But a certain fearful looking for of judgment and fiery indignation,
which shall devour the adversaries. He that despised Moses' law died without
mercy under two or three witnesses: Of how much sorer punishment, suppose ye,
shall he be thought worthy, who hath trodden under foot the Son of God, and
hath counted the blood of the covenant, wherewith he was sanctified, an unholy
thing, and hath done despite unto the Spirit of grace? For we know him that
hath said, Vengeance belongeth unto me, I will recompense, saith the Lord. And
again, The Lord shall judge his people. It is a fearful thing to fall into the
hands of the living God.” (Hebrews 10:26-31) Some scholars explain this to be
referring to a lost person who apostatises after making a false profession of
faith, but an unsaved person does not have to make a false profession and then
reject Christ to be condemned. (John 3:18) Some scholars insist that this could
not refer to a saved person because a sin committed by a saved person is
willful, and this interpretation would mean that numerous Old and New Testament
saints that the Bible indicates are in Heaven are in Hell. But look carefully
at the wording and grammar of Hebrews 10:26 and note that this is not saying
that merely committing sin means the loss of salvation, or that God does not
give space to repent, it is saying that persistent unrepentance means “there
remaineth no more sacrifice for sins.” (Compare I Corinthians 6:9; Galatians
5:19; Ephesians 5:3-5)
· “Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord
Jesus Christ, which according to his abundant mercy hath begotten us again unto
a lively hope by the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, To an
inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth not away, reserved in
heaven for you, Who are kept by the power of God THROUGH FAITH unto salvation
ready to be revealed in the last time.” (1 Peter 1:3-5) 1 Peter 1:3-5 is often
cited as proof of unconditional eternal security, with the question: If 1 Peter
1:3-5 does not mean once saved always saved, then what does it mean? Look
closely at exactly what is being said and observe that this neither proves or
disproves unconditional eternal security: The wording and grammar make it clear
that faith is the key to security.
· “Many will say to me in that day, Lord,
Lord, have we not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name have cast out devils?
and in thy name done many wonderful works? And then will I profess unto them, I
never knew you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity.” (Matthew 7:22-23)
Salvation is a personal experience with Jesus Christ, so does Matthew 7:22-23
mean once saved always saved? Matthew 7:22-23 is not referring to all lost
people, it deals with PROFESSED Christians depending on their works for
salvation.
· “For we are made partakers of Christ, if
we hold the beginning of our confidence stedfast unto the end.” (Hebrews 3:14) Note
there is an “if.”
· “Now the just shall live by faith: but if
any man draw back, my soul shall have no pleasure in him. But we are not of
them who draw back unto perdition; but of them that believe to the saving of
the soul.” Hebrews 10:38-39) According to this, there were some that drew back
unto perdition; how can an unsaved person do that, since an unsaved person is
condemned already? (John 3:18)
· “For it is impossible for those who were
once enlightened, and have tasted of the heavenly gift, and were made partakers
of the Holy Ghost, And have tasted the good word of God, and the powers of the
world to come, If they shall fall away, to renew them again unto repentance;
seeing they crucify to themselves the Son of God afresh, and put him to an open
shame.” (Hebrews 6:4-6) Is Hebrews 6:4-6 saying that if any genuine born-again
believer ever did lose his salvation today, he could never be saved again as is
often claimed? Prayerfully consider the context and setting. The temple in
Jerusalem was still in operation when this was written, there was enormous
pressure on Jewish Christians to recant their faith, and some Jewish Christians
denied Christ and returned to Judaism and the sacrificing of animals at the
temple; that kind of apostacy was only possible before the destruction of the
temple at Jerusalem in 70 AD.
· “My Father, which gave them me, is greater
than all; and no man is able to pluck them out of my Father's hand.” (John
10:29) Let’s just take this passage at face value without reading into it:
Other people cannot make a born-again believer lose his salvation.
I certainly have not
exhausted the subject, nor am I claiming to have the last word. I encourage
further personal study.
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Tue, Jan 13th - 6:36PM
SOMETHING FOR TEENAGERS TO CONSIDER
“When I was a child, I
spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child: but when I
became a man, I put away childish things.” (1 Corinthians 13:11; this passage
compares spiritual maturity to emotional maturity, so there is application to
both.) Age does not necessarily mean maturity or immaturity. Since you are not
physically a child it is natural for you to dislike being treated like a child
and normal for you to want to be accepted as a young adult. But regardless of
whether it is fair or unfair you are at an age at which you must prove yourself
to be accepted as a young adult. Consider this: If I were to describe someone
that always demands his (or her) own way, constantly struggles to be the center
of attention, never takes responsibility for his decisions and actions, must
always be humored or pampered, tends to be disrespectful toward his elders,
etc., it would be easy to assume that I was talking about a small child. Now
consider this: As your elders observe your overall attitudes and behaviour, are
they reminded of a mature adult or a small child?
How well do you normally
get along with adults (especially of your own gender) who are much older and
wiser than yourself? Do you have any close friends of your own gender who are
middle aged or older? (If not, then, why not?) Fellowship and friendship with
adults (especially of your own gender) who are older and wiser than yourself is
needful, unless a state of suspended or perpetual childhood is your goal and
you really do want your elders to keep thinking of you as a small child in a
larger body; in that case all you need to do is limit your associations to
immature people and avoid the influence and fellowship of adults who are older
and wiser than yourself. (Consider Proverbs 13:20 & 1 Corinthians 15:33)
Do you respect your
elders? Respect for elders demonstrates character, and you will never be too
old to respect your elders. For example, if, when you are a senior citizen,
your pastor is younger than yourself you will be obliged to respect him as your
elder. Disrespect for elders is not a sign of growth, manhood, or womanhood.
(Deuteronomy 27:16)
“Honour thy father and
mother; (which is the first commandment with promise;) That it may be well with
thee, and thou mayest live long on the earth.” (Ephesians 6:2-3) You may not
feel that your parents are honourable, but that is irrelevant. If you were in a
courtroom, you would be required to honour the judge and address him as “your
honour,” and this does not say anything about the judge as a person or whether
you even like him but is merely recognising the authority of the judge’s
position. Just as there are no perfect children, there are no perfect parents,
and it is important to recognise that your parents are human like you while God
requires you to honour them if for no other reason than God made them your
parents. As a child grows the parental role of guardian and disciplinarian
progressively decreases to be replaced by the role of counselor and mentor.
What is your attitude toward your parents? What is your attitude toward their
counsel? What is your attitude when you disagree with them or when they are
wrong? Remember, the real test of respect is when you disagree, not when you
agree. “My son, hear the instruction of thy father, and forsake not the law of
thy mother: For they shall be an ornament of grace unto thy head, and chains
about thy neck” (Proverbs 1:8-9) “My son, keep thy father's commandment, and
forsake not the law of thy mother: Bind them continually upon thine heart, and
tie them about thy neck. When thou goest, it shall lead thee; when thou
sleepest, it shall keep thee; and when thou awakest, it shall talk with thee.
For the commandment is a lamp; and the law is light; and reproofs of
instruction are the way of life.” (Proverbs 6:20-23) “Reprove not a scorner,
lest he hate thee: rebuke a wise man, and he will love thee. Give instruction
to a wise man, and he will be yet wiser: teach a just man, and he will increase
in learning.” (Proverbs 9:8-9) “A fool despiseth his father's instruction: but
he that regardeth reproof is prudent.” (Proverbs 15:5) “A wise son maketh a
glad father: but a foolish man despiseth his mother.” (Proverbs 15:20) “Hearken
unto thy father that begat thee, and despise not thy mother when she is old.”
(Proverbs 23:22)
This will have a definite
impact on your life and future relationships. (Ephesians 6:2-3) For example, you
must be a good follower before you can be a good leader, so how can a young lad
who does not respect his elders be expected to be a good family head when he
marries, and if a young lad does not honour his parents how can he be expected
to honour his wife when he marries? (1 Peter 3:7; Ephesians 5:23) A wife is
obliged to respect her husband just as a daughter is obliged to respect her
parents, especially her father, so if a young woman does not respect her elders
how can she be expected to respect her husband when she marries? (Ephesians 5:22,
24, 33)
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